Salem

Roanoke County regulates accessory dwelling units through its county Zoning Ordinance (codified within the Roanoke County Code, Appendix A: Zoning), administered by the Roanoke County Department of Development Services (planning and zoning) and the Department of Community Development, under the authority of the Roanoke County Board of Supervisors. Virginia is a Dillon Rule state (Commonwealth v. County Bd. of Arlington County, 217 Va. 558 (1977)) and the General Assembly has not enacted any statewide ADU preemption; Roanoke County's authority to permit or restrict ADUs derives from the general zoning enabling statutes at Va. Code § 15.2-2280 and § 15.2-2286 (ordinance-content enumeration). The Roanoke County zoning ordinance defines dwelling unit (a single self-contained unit with one kitchen) and, in its residential districts (AG-3 Agricultural/Rural Preserve, AG-1 Agricultural/Rural Low Density, AR Agricultural/Residential, R-1 Low Density Residential, R-2 Medium Density Residential, R-3 Medium Density Multi-Family Residential, R-4 High Density Multi-Family Residential) and the various planned-development districts, historically has permitted only one primary dwelling per lot in most single-family zoning categories. ADU-style second dwellings on a single residential parcel are addressed through several pathways: (a) an 'accessory apartment' use, which Roanoke County has historically allowed in certain residential districts subject to use standards (owner occupancy of one of the two units, size caps on the accessory unit, and parking / setback conformance) — applicants must confirm the current in-force accessory-apartment provisions directly from the most recent codified zoning ordinance on Municode because the county has periodically reviewed and amended these standards; (b) a 'family exemption' or kinship-dwelling pathway consistent with Va. Code § 15.2-2292 (family subdivision) or county accessory-dwelling provisions for a family member of the primary-dwelling occupant; (c) a Special Use Permit under the procedure prescribed by Va. Code §§ 15.2-2285 and 15.2-2286, requiring Planning Commission public-hearing recommendation and Board of Supervisors public-hearing vote; (d) a minor subdivision creating a separate buildable lot for a fully independent second dwelling. The county does NOT govern parcels within the corporate limits of its one incorporated town, the Town of Vinton, whose own zoning ordinance applies inside town boundaries. The county ALSO does not govern parcels within the independent cities of Roanoke and Salem — which are geographically surrounded by or adjacent to the county but, as Virginia independent cities, are separate legal jurisdictions outside the county's boundaries and authority. The county seat of Roanoke County is located in Salem — which, unusually, is an independent city the county does not govern — a geographic artifact of Virginia's independent-city system.

• Roanoke County Code, Appendix A — Zoning Ordinance
• Roanoke County Department of Development Services — Planning and Zoning
• Roanoke County Board of Supervisors — adopting body for zoning amendments and Special Use Permits
• Roanoke County Planning Commission
• Roanoke County Comprehensive Plan

State-floor overlay: Virginia has not enacted any statewide ADU preemption statute. Virginia is a Dillon Rule state (Commonwealth v. County Bd. of Arlington County, 217 Va. 558 (1977)); localities possess only the powers expressly granted by the General Assembly. The general zoning enabling statute at Va. Code § 15.2-2280 grants counties, cities, and towns broad authority to regulate land use, and § 15.2-2286 enumerates the specific ordinance provisions that may be included. Neither statute, nor any section of Title 15.2 Chapter 22 Article 7, mandates that a locality permit ADUs, requires ministerial review of ADU applications, caps parking requirements, caps fees, or voids owner-occupancy requirements. Roanoke County may therefore permit, restrict, or prohibit second dwellings under its zoning ordinance subject only to the ordinary constitutional limits on land-use regulation and the uniform-application requirements of Va. Code § 15.2-2282. ADU-preemption legislation has been introduced in the Virginia General Assembly in multiple recent sessions without enactment; as of 2026-04-21, no Virginia statute preempts Roanoke County's discretionary ADU posture.

Roanoke County administers or is subject to several overlay regimes that materially affect ADU siting on unincorporated parcels: (1) FEMA Special Flood Hazard Areas along the Roanoke River (which enters the county from the west, passes through Salem as an independent city, and continues east through Vinton and Bonsack), Back Creek, Glade Creek, Tinker Creek, Mason Creek, Carvin Creek, Peters Creek, and their tributaries, with NFIP floodplain regulations administered through the county's floodplain ordinance; (2) Blue Ridge Parkway adjacency along the eastern edge (the Parkway passes through southeastern Roanoke County near the Explore Park area and the Mill Mountain area), with scenic-corridor considerations where county zoning applies corridor-overlay protections; (3) Appalachian Trail corridor — the AT crosses the county in the Catawba Valley / Dragon's Tooth / McAfee Knob / Tinker Cliffs corridor in the northwestern part of the county, with National Park Service scenic-easement and corridor-management interests; (4) George Washington & Jefferson National Forest adjacency and in-holdings in the Catawba and Fort Lewis Mountain areas; (5) Chesapeake Bay Preservation Act is NOT applicable — Roanoke County sits in the Roanoke River watershed (Atlantic drainage via the Albemarle Sound basin in North Carolina), outside the Tidewater area to which the Chesapeake Bay Preservation Act (Va. Code § 62.1-44.15:67 et seq.) applies; Resource Protection Areas (RPAs) and Resource Management Areas (RMAs) do not apply; (6) Virginia Stormwater Management Program and local stormwater ordinance applicability for disturbances of 2,500 square feet or more in the regulated areas of the county; (7) karst terrain — significant portions of Roanoke County exhibit karst geology (sinkholes, caves, springs) in the Catawba Valley limestone belt and in parts of the Back Creek / Bent Mountain area, affecting septic suitability, foundation engineering, and stormwater infiltration; (8) wildfire exposure in mountain and national-forest-adjacent areas tracked by the Virginia Department of Forestry, but without a California-style Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zone regulatory overlay; (9) Mill Mountain Park — a Roanoke-owned scenic mountain, though within the City of Roanoke not the county, it borders southeastern county parcels in Blue Ridge Parkway proximity.

• FEMA National Flood Insurance Program — Special Flood Hazard Areas (Roanoke River and tributaries) — Roanoke County participates in the National Flood Insurance Program and administers a county floodplain ordinance satisfying NFIP minimum standards. Principal Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) extents run along the Roanoke River (from the Salem city boundary eastward through the unincorporated county north of Salem, through Vinton, and continuing to the county line), Back Creek (draining the southern Bent Mountain plateau), Glade Creek (eastern county, flowing into Bonsack), Tinker Creek (northeastern corridor), Mason Creek, Carvin Creek, Peters Creek, and a number of smaller tributaries. An ADU in an SFHA must comply with NFIP elevation requirements (lowest finished floor at or above Base Flood Elevation plus any county freeboard), flood-vent requirements on enclosed areas below BFE, anchoring requirements, and post-construction Elevation Certificate filing. Given the Roanoke Valley's historical flood events (notably the 1985 Roanoke River flood of record and more recent significant events), freeboard expectations and floodplain-ordinance enforcement are more stringent than in many interior Virginia localities. Owners considering ADU projects on riverfront, creek-adjacent, or floodplain-fringe parcels should retrieve current-effective FIRM panels from the FEMA Map Service Center and consult the county floodplain administrator early in planning.
• Blue Ridge Parkway scenic-corridor adjacency — The Blue Ridge Parkway passes through southeastern Roanoke County near the Explore Park / Roanoke River Gorge area (milepost approximately 115 in the vicinity). The Parkway is federal land managed by the National Park Service; NPS regulation applies within the Parkway boundary, not to private parcels outside it. However, Roanoke County zoning includes scenic-corridor and ridgetop-visibility considerations along portions of the Parkway corridor consistent with NPS cooperative policy with localities along the Parkway, and individual deed restrictions or scenic easements may apply to specific parcels adjacent to the Parkway. Owners of parcels visible from the Parkway should check the zoning overlay (if any) in effect for their specific parcel, any recorded scenic easements, and whether the site falls within an ordinance ridgetop or mountainside-protection zone before siting a detached ADU on a high-visibility slope or ridgeline.
• Appalachian Trail corridor (McAfee Knob / Tinker Cliffs / Dragon's Tooth) — The Appalachian Trail crosses Roanoke County in the Catawba Valley / Fort Lewis Mountain / Dragon's Tooth / McAfee Knob / Tinker Cliffs corridor in the northwestern part of the county — one of the most visited and photographed sections of the entire AT (McAfee Knob is among the most-photographed overlooks on the trail). The AT corridor is federally protected and administered by the National Park Service, U.S. Forest Service, and the Appalachian Trail Conservancy. Private parcels visible from the AT may be subject to voluntary scenic easements, donated conservation easements, or deed-restriction programs intended to preserve the trail viewshed; the high-profile McAfee Knob viewshed has been an active target of viewshed-protection acquisition and easement programs. A detached ADU sited on a ridgetop or upper slope visible from the AT — particularly in the Catawba / Masons Cove / Fort Lewis area — may face easement-compliance review or ATC scrutiny; owners should title-check for recorded scenic easements, ATC interests, Virginia Outdoors Foundation easements, or county ridgetop-protection zoning before designing a high-visibility structure.
• George Washington & Jefferson National Forest adjacency (Catawba and Fort Lewis Mountain) — Portions of northwestern Roanoke County — particularly around Catawba Mountain, Fort Lewis Mountain, and the North Mountain / Brushy Mountain ridges bordering Craig and Botetourt Counties — lie within or adjacent to the George Washington & Jefferson National Forest (primarily the Eastern Divide Ranger District in this area). National Forest System lands are federally administered; private in-holdings and parcels adjacent to the forest boundary remain under county zoning but face practical constraints from fire-management activities, access easements across forest land, and forest-boundary fire-buffer best practices. An ADU on a forest-adjacent or in-holding parcel should be sited with consideration of wildfire exposure, forest-road access reliability, and any recorded easements or rights-of-way crossing federal land.
• Virginia Stormwater Management Program (VSMP) and local stormwater ordinance — Roanoke County, as a VSMP Authority under Virginia law, administers the state stormwater-management program locally for land-disturbing activities meeting the regulatory threshold (generally 2,500 square feet or more in VSMP-regulated areas, or 1 acre or more statewide). An ADU project that disturbs an area exceeding the applicable threshold triggers stormwater-permit requirements (Erosion and Sediment Control plan and Stormwater Management Plan for disturbances 1 acre or more; simplified requirements below that). Roanoke County's erosion-and-sediment-control and stormwater-management ordinances are administered through Community Development. Many typical single-lot detached ADU projects fall below the 1-acre threshold but may still require an Erosion and Sediment Control plan depending on disturbance area and slope; applicants should confirm applicability with county stormwater staff early in design.
• Karst terrain (sinkholes, caves, springs — Catawba Valley and Back Creek limestone belts) — Portions of the Catawba Valley (northwestern Roanoke County) and segments of the Back Creek / Bent Mountain area (southwestern Roanoke County) contain significant karst features — sinkholes, caves, losing streams, springs, and shallow bedrock — underlain by Cambrian and Ordovician limestone. Karst terrain materially affects ADU siting because (a) conventional onsite septic systems can short-circuit into groundwater via fractures and sinkholes, requiring engineered or alternative onsite sewage systems subject to Virginia Department of Health approval; (b) stormwater management must avoid concentrated infiltration into open sinkholes; (c) foundation engineering may require geotechnical investigation for solution cavities or sinkhole-collapse risk; (d) structural setbacks from mapped sinkholes are commonly required. Owners on karst parcels should plan for additional geotechnical and environmental-health review relative to non-karst Virginia sites.
• Virginia Department of Forestry wildfire risk and Virginia Uniform Statewide Building Code (advisory WUI posture) — Roanoke County has elevated wildfire exposure in its mountain and national-forest-adjacent areas — particularly the Fort Lewis Mountain, Catawba Mountain, North Mountain, and Bent Mountain areas — tracked by the Virginia Department of Forestry using statewide risk-assessment methodology. Unlike California, Virginia does not have a statewide Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zone overlay mandating WUI-rated construction materials on a per-parcel basis. The Virginia Department of Forestry publishes wildfire risk assessments and promotes defensible-space practices, but enforcement is advisory. The Virginia Uniform Statewide Building Code, which is the single statewide building code (localities cannot impose more stringent building standards), has not statewide-adopted the International Wildland-Urban Interface Code. Owners in wildfire-exposed locations should follow defensible-space best practices but face no locality-imposed WUI construction overlay analogous to California Chapter 7A.

The Roanoke County Department of Community Development (building inspections) and the Department of Development Services (planning, zoning, and permit intake) together issue zoning approvals, building permits, and inspections for parcels within the unincorporated county. Roanoke County encompasses approximately 251 square miles of Blue Ridge and Shenandoah Valley terrain in western Virginia and forms the suburban core of the Roanoke Metropolitan Statistical Area. The county's population is approximately 97,000 (2020 Census: 96,929; ~97k estimated). Notably, Roanoke County surrounds but does NOT govern the independent cities of Roanoke (pop. ~100k) and Salem (pop. ~25k); those are separate Virginia independent-city jurisdictions with their own permitting authorities. The county does govern the geography around them — the urbanized unincorporated communities of Hollins and Williamson Road (north of the City of Roanoke), Cave Spring and the 419 corridor (south and southwest of the City of Roanoke, including the Tanglewood and Oak Grove areas), Bonsack (east), Mount Pleasant, Fort Lewis, Masons Cove, Catawba (in the northwestern Catawba Valley beyond Fort Lewis Mountain), and the Bent Mountain / Back Creek plateau in the southwestern corner of the county, plus the rural balance. The county's one incorporated town, the Town of Vinton, operates its own zoning ordinance and issues its own zoning permits inside town corporate limits, though building-code inspections in Vinton are often handled under intergovernmental arrangement. The county seat is located in Salem — which, notable Virginia geographic oddity, is an independent city the county does NOT govern; the county's administrative offices are nonetheless sited within Salem's corporate limits. For an ADU-style project in the unincorporated county, the typical sequence is: (a) zoning determination by Planning and Zoning (accessory apartment by-right with standards, family/kinship exemption, Special Use Permit required, or prohibited); (b) if SUP required, application to the Planning Commission and Board of Supervisors; (c) building permit application to Community Development building inspections; (d) Virginia Department of Health well/septic approval if the parcel is not served by public water/sewer (the Western Virginia Water Authority serves portions of the unincorporated county); (e) inspections through construction; (f) certificate of occupancy.